RESUMO
In traditional publishing, female authors' titles command nearly half (45%) the price of male authors' and are underrepresented in more prestigious genres, and books are published by publishing houses, which determined whose books get published, subject classification, and retail price. In the last decade, the growth of digital technologies and sales platforms have enabled unprecedented numbers of authors to bypass publishers to publish and sell books. The rise of indie publishing (aka self-publishing) reflects the growth of the "gig" economy, where the influence of firms has diminished and workers are exposed more directly to external markets. Encompassing the traditional and the gig economy, the book industry illuminates how the gig economy may disrupt, replicate, or transform the gender discrimination mechanisms and inequality found in the traditional economy. In a natural experiment spanning from 2002 to 2012 and including over two million book titles, we compare discrimination mechanisms and inequality in indie and traditional publishing. We find that indie publishing, though more egalitarian, largely replicates traditional publishing's gender discrimination patterns, showing an unequal distribution of male and female authors by genre (allocative discrimination), devaluation of genres written predominantly by female authors (valuative discrimination), and lower prices within genres for books by female authors (within-job discrimination). However, these discrimination mechanisms are associated with far less price inequality in indie, only 7%, in large part due to the smaller and lower range of prices in indie publishing compared to traditional publishing. We conclude that, with greater freedom, workers in the gig economy may be inclined to greater equality but will largely replicate existing labor market segmentation and the lower valuation of female-typical work and of female workers. Nonetheless, price setting for work may be more similar for workers in the gig economy due to market competition that will compress prices ranges.
Assuntos
Autoria , Indústria Editorial , Sexismo , Indústria Editorial/economia , Preço de Livros , Venda de Livros/economia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Salários e Benefícios/economia , Sexismo/economiaRESUMO
Los Almanaques de Locos fueron revistas de historieta publicadas en el período 1946-1963. Contaban con una amplia difusión y se trataba de publicaciones de humor cuyo contenido se centraba en una visión cómica de la locura, dando lugar a numerosas representaciones sobre los trastornos mentales, su asistencia y sus profesionales. El análisis de sus contenidos ofrece una interesante visión de las ideas, actitudes y conocimientos que el público general de su época tenía sobre estos temas. El presente trabajo pretende brindar una perspectiva general sobre los contenidos de los Almanaques y resaltar su valor como testimonio histórico (AU)
Almanaque de Locos was a comic book edited in Spain between 1946 and 1963. Had a wide circulation and was humorous publications whose content is focused on a comic vision of madness, resulting in numerous representations about mental disorders, attendance and professional. The analysis of its contents provides an interesting insight into the ideas, attitudes and knowledge that the general public of his day had on these issues. This paper aims to provide an overview of the contents of the Almanacs and highlight their value as historical Testimony (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Indústria Editorial/economia , Indústria Editorial/história , Psiquiatria/ética , Psiquiatria/história , Transtornos Mentais/metabolismo , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Literatura/história , Indústria Editorial/normas , Indústria Editorial/tendências , Psiquiatria/classificação , Psiquiatria/normas , Transtornos Mentais/complicações , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Espanha/etnologiaRESUMO
No disponible
Assuntos
Humanos , Indústria Editorial/ética , Indústria Editorial , Políticas Editoriais , Organizações de Normalização Profissional/ética , Indústria Editorial/economia , Indústria Editorial/legislação & jurisprudência , Fator de Impacto de Revistas/história , Organizações de Normalização Profissional/organização & administraçãoAssuntos
Acesso à Informação/legislação & jurisprudência , Indústria Editorial/economia , Disseminação de Informação/legislação & jurisprudência , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/legislação & jurisprudência , PubMed/legislação & jurisprudência , Editoração/economia , Direitos Autorais/legislação & jurisprudência , National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economia , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto , Publicações Seriadas , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The results of membrane and ozonation experiments carried out on various agro-industry effluents including fermentation (baker's yeast), corrugated board, opium alkaloid and textile dying industries are presented. The experiments were performed using lab-scale membrane and ozonation reactors. Color removals were in the range of 80 to 99% for the membrane treatment studies. Ozonation experiments have shown that color removals in the range of 83 to 98% are possible for the investigated wastewaters. Final color levels were lower than 100 Pt-Co unit, which is quite acceptable aesthetically. The relative unit treatment costs of ozonation were about two times higher than membrane systems especially for very strong colored effluents including fermentation and opium alkaloid industries. The study has demonstrated that both membrane and ozonation technologies are viable options for color removal.
